On June 29th, "Aspartame causes cancer"

This topic topped the hot search list.

Arouse a heated discussion among netizens.

It is reported that the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a subsidiary of the World Health Organization, held an expert meeting in early June to evaluate whether some products are potentially dangerous based on all published evidence. At the meeting, it was determined that aspartame "may be carcinogenic to human body". At the same time, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) is also reviewing the use of aspartame and will announce the results in July.

WHO responded to the media that it will publish relevant content on this topic on July 14th, but did not disclose the specific content.

According to the Washington Post on the 22nd, aspartame is one of the most common artificial sweeteners in the world. Last year, a study in France showed that eating a large amount of aspartame may increase the risk of cancer in adults, and the United States began to re-examine this sweetener. The American Beverage Association, as the representative of beverage manufacturers, and related industry organizations refute this conclusion. Officials from the American Beverage Association said that aspartame is generally considered safe by the scientific and regulatory circles, which is the conclusion reached by food safety agencies around the world again and again.

Aspartame is the most common synthetic sweetener, such as sugar-free cola and Sprite, which is used to replace sucrose. At present, many foods and beverages labeled as "sugar-free" on the market, such as Coca-Cola diet soda, Mars Extra chewing gum and some Snapple drinks, actually use sweeteners such as aspartame.

Many netizens began to feel nervous:

Reviews from netizens

@Icomtys: Put down my diet coke immediately.

@Hellen wants to teach and educate people: What else can you eat? What to drink?

What’s delicious about coriander? Fortunately, I don’t like sweetness.

@ 京京: I will never eat anything but sugary cola.

@ Tiger Mom Return: My family has diabetes, and there has always been a saying that I should not eat aspartame.

The food and beverage circle began to express its position.

Have a brand emergency response

Aspartame will be listed as a "possible carcinogen". As soon as the news came out, associations and companies in the food and beverage circle stood up and expressed their views.

Kate Loatman, executive director of the International Beverage Association (ICBA), said that IARC’s statement is contrary to a large number of high-quality scientific research conclusions for a long time, or it may mislead consumers to give up safe sugar-free and low-sugar choices and consume more sugar instead. "We still believe in the safety of aspartame because we have conducted safety assessments with food safety authorities from more than 90 countries." Kate Loatman said.

The response of the International Beverage Association also stated that, contrary to the conclusion of IARC, a review report issued by WHO, the parent organization of IARC, in April 2022 showed that there was "no obvious correlation" between high consumption of low-calorie or calorie-free sweeteners and cancer mortality, and it would not cause any form of cancer.

Frances Hunt-Wood, secretary-general of the International Sweetener Association (ISA), accused "IARC is not a food safety agency" and believed that the agency’s evaluation of aspartame "is not comprehensive in science, because it is based on many widely questioned studies and may mislead consumers." Many members of this association include Mars Wrigley and Coca-Cola, both of which have introduced products containing aspartame.

In addition, some China brands immediately distanced themselves from aspartame.

The person in charge of Naixue’s tea said that in November last year, all products had been upgraded with the natural sugar substitute "Luohan"; Siraitia grosvenorii is a medicinal and edible plant, and its extract "Siraitia grosvenorii sugar" is a natural sweet fructose substance.

On the other hand, Yuanqi Forest said that the company’s entire line of products also does not contain aspartame. "Yuanqi Forest ingredients list is cleaner, and Yuanqi Forest Coke has 0 sugar, 0 fat, 0 card and 0 aspartame."

Sugar-free drinks are healthier?

The harm of sweeteners may be underestimated by us.

Aspartame is one of the most commonly used sweeteners. We use aspartame in familiar sugar-free drinks such as "Coke Zero".

Many people know the harm of excessive sugar intake, which will increase the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cancer. The emergence of artificial sweeteners and sugar substitutes seems to help people avoid the harm caused by excessive sugar intake, and at the same time satisfy the taste. But is this really the case?

In 2021, it was reported by the media that Mr. Kong (pseudonym), 30, likes to drink carbonated drinks, but he is worried that drinking too many sugary drinks will lead to obesity and diabetes. He fills the refrigerator with "sugar-free" or "zero sugar" drinks and drinks at least 4 or 5 bottles every day. Later, Mr. Kong always felt thirsty and his urine output increased, so he went to the hospital. After the doctor knew the course and history of the disease in detail, combined with typical symptoms such as polydipsia and polyuria, and improved the examination in time, Mr. Kong was diagnosed as the first onset-diabetes complicated with ketoacidosis.

Tan Jinmei, a physician of nephrology endocrinology at Wuhan Yangtze River Shipping General Hospital and Wuhan Brain Hospital, explained that sugar-free does not mean that there is no sugar, but it does not contain sucrose, glucose and other sugar-increasing components, and various forms of artificial sweeteners are used instead. Once the sweetener is consumed too much, it will not only stimulate the production of insulin, affect the sensitivity of insulin receptors, but also increase appetite reflexively, leading to excessive calories. Therefore, Mr. Kong’s long-term drinking of sugar-free drinks instead of normal drinking water has accelerated the metabolism of the body out of control and caused diabetes.

Studies have shown that the sweetness of sweeteners can make people feel that they have eaten sugary food, which in turn stimulates the human body to produce insulin, leading to a drop in blood sugar, which makes people feel hungry and increase their appetite. Although the "sweetener" in sugar-free drinks has zero calories, long-term intake of artificial sugar substitutes will lead to insulin endocrine imbalance, which will lead to human metabolism disorder.

On September 7, 2022, researchers from the World Health Organization, the French National Center for Health and Medical Research and the University of Paris published a research paper in the top medical journal BMJ. This study shows that artificial sweeteners are not a healthy and safe substitute for sugar, and higher intake of artificial sweeteners increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Read the title of a finger Zen stamp!

Original title: "Hot search first! Aspartame may cause cancer? Can these drinks be drunk? 》

Read the original text

　　At the beginning of July, the library of Shenzhen University Town issued a new regulation: children under 14 are not allowed to enter the library. The reason is that the museum mainly serves teaching and scientific research personnel, and there are no children’s books, and children are running noisily when they enter the museum, and the related complaints have increased sharply.

　　This slightly "decisive" rule has attracted a lot of controversy. After one month, the effect is still remarkable.

　　A quiet library is always afraid of encountering an uncontrolled "Xiong Haizi", but children in summer vacation can’t escape the call and charm of the public reading environment: the PageOne Bookstore in Qianmen, Beijing, has a bright and elegant space design, firmly "grasping" the children’s heart of swimming; In children’s reading venues of public libraries, the popularity of "parent-child reading" is increasing day by day.

　　When the public angrily divided the "isolation zone" for "Xiong Haizi" and stipulated "where children should not go", we should ask more questions — — Where can the child go to study?

　　Recently, this newspaper went deep into many children’s summer reading sites and found that children who spend their summer holidays in the city are not satisfied with being comforted only by electronic equipment and high-end travel. On the contrary, they have strong public reading needs. Children’s reading places are by no means a "supporting role" ornament of public facilities, nor an outlet for releasing parents’ educational anxiety. Children and books need to be carefully placed in a sufficiently tolerant and complete public environment.

　　Personalized bookstores gain "children’s reading diplomacy", and catering and amusement facilities are more "extra points"

　　A chain of private bookstores in Raffles Mall in Dongzhimen, Beijing, has set up "‘ Seventy-two lectures ’ The Children’s Experience Hall has seven reading themes for children aged 0-12, such as "Knowledge Exploration", "Cartoon Animation" and "Art Germination".

　　The couch on the left-hand side of the door can accommodate about 7 children at the same time. Parents consciously do not occupy the sofa seat, squatting opposite the children to guide reading. Children without seats are sitting on the wooden floor, but as long as the staff sees the sofa free, they remind other children to sit down quickly.

　　Li Yuhong, who brought her 3-and-a-half-year-old granddaughter to read a book, said that her family lives nearby, and she and her daughter-in-law take turns to take her children out to read a book, with an average stay in the bookstore of 1-2 hours each time.

　　As a "companion", Li Yuhong used to visit a bookstore regularly, closely focusing on the only reading theme; Daughter-in-law’s way is more "younger". She will take her children to sit in the consumption area, read books while drinking, and occasionally attend a lecture in parenting education.

　　"My granddaughter begged me to buy some books every time she left. I said I should buy no more than two books at a time, because I come to the bookstore too often! " Li Yuhong thinks that her granddaughter’s willingness to go to the bookstore is inseparable from the "sense of communication" at the scene. "She chatted with strange children she didn’t know about reading comics, exchanged what she was reading at hand, and made friends by the way."

　　Personalized bookstores with meticulous service and beautiful vision are easily welcomed by children’s readers and parents. Li Man, who lives in Shijingshan, Beijing and is engaged in language education, said that her 10-year-old son is obsessed with Sisif Bookstore in his hometown of Xuzhou.

　　"In Sisyphus Bookstore, adults and children can read well. Children have a special reading area, many seats, beautiful decoration and great visual experience. Such a bookstore is very atmospheric, the service is humanized, and it can grasp the needs of customers. "

　　Li Man thinks that a private bookstore near Beijing’s residence is inferior. The teahouse consumption area is only open to members, and the children’s reading area is very narrow, and it is next to the adult bookshelves, so you don’t choose books carefully.

　　A separate children’s reading area and supporting catering and amusement facilities are extra points for parent-child reading in summer. Li Manxiao said that she asked her son what kind of reading place he liked, and his son replied that there was a restaurant next to it. "My son said that if you are hungry in the morning, you can eat. If you are full, you can continue reading in the afternoon!"

　　Public libraries are afraid to get close? Children’s reading areas are increasing and services are upgrading.

　　Through street interviews, it is found that many parents’ summer parent-child reading intentions have two characteristics: first, they are generally based on the principle of "proximity" and will not "read" remotely; Second, there are different shades of "not feeling close" to the library.

　　Zhang Qiang, who is engaged in administrative work in colleges and universities, pulled out a world geography popular science album from the children’s bookshelf in the bookstore to explain to his son what population density is.

　　Zhang Qiang said that he often took his son, who was in the third grade of primary school, out to read during the more leisurely winter and summer vacations — — Just go to the bookstore. "I don’t take it to the library because the little boy is at the most noisy age, and he can’t sit still and run around. Going to the library will definitely affect others, and the bookstore is much more comfortable, and I can explain it to my son."

　　An "indigenous" resident in Haidian, Beijing, admitted that reading as a teenager always happened in Haidian Book City, not a library just one subway stop away from home. Under the question of "Zhihu" asking how to improve children’s reading interest, some netizens mentioned that there are many "adult examination parties" in the city library. If there are no good children’s books, the atmosphere will be serious enough to "choke" children.

　　Article 34 of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Public Libraries Law, which came into effect on January 1st this year, stipulates that public libraries established by the government should set up reading areas for children, be equipped with corresponding professionals according to the characteristics of children, carry out reading guidance and social education activities for children, and provide support for schools to carry out relevant extracurricular activities. Conditional areas can set up a separate children’s library.

　　In fact, many libraries have put it into action in the children’s reading section. For example, the Children’s Library of the National Library, which has been open for 8 years, consists of a parent-child reading area on the first floor and a young people’s reading area on the second floor, with an area of about 1,200 square meters, more than 200 fixed seats and about 300 non-fixed seats, providing more than 80,000 books for reading.

　　Li Man and his son, whose home is far from the national map, are "die-hard" fans of Shijingshan Children’s Library. "The scale is not particularly large, but there should be everything, and children can quietly read."

　　The progress of details and the whole is happening quietly. Li Man remembers taking his son to get a library card a few years ago, and he still needs to take photos to handle it. Borrowing books is purely manual. Now, the children’s library can apply for a certificate directly by swiping the ID card, and borrowing and returning books can be done by machines; A significant increase in the number of children’s seats and amusement facilities has brought a good experience to children.

　　In Li Man’s view, whether a library is suitable for children’s reading is based on comfort, quietness and scale. "In fact, I personally feel that the reading space is not too big for children. What is important is the experience, which is the service consciousness to help children screen books."

　　Experts suggest that reading places should enhance the "children’s view" and add interactivity to the space.

　　Whether it is a public library, a private bookstore or a new "children’s library", the form will continue to be upgraded, but some core service concepts are consistent.

　　Lin Dan, the founder of Youbei Parent-child Library, has been engaged in pioneering work in the field of reading for young children since 2009. She saw that the development track of the parent-child reading industry in the past 10 years was clearly visible.

　　When Lin Dan visited the local library when he traveled abroad, he found that the hardware facilities of public reading places in China have not lost abroad, but the "software" needs to be strengthened.

　　Lin Dan saw that from the national library to the rural library in France, the services provided for young children are very popular, and the subtle thoughts are extremely moving. For example, the design of children’s bookshelves is "within reach", and children can easily "carry" books up; The library provides carpets and lazy sofas for children.

　　"I am very concerned about children’s reading places ‘ Software ’ At present, the possible problems in domestic libraries and bookstores are that there are few books for young children and there is a lack of ‘ Activity section ’ And specially equipped staff. "

　　Xue Tao, a children’s literature writer who has been studying children’s reading education for a long time, thinks that domestic children’s reading places should gain greater social tolerance.

　　"The library should not be ‘ One size fits all ’ . When they say ‘ Xiong Haizi ’ When it is uncontrollable, it means that the management ability is insufficient. Public facilities should not close the door to exclude children, not to mention the most effective group of reading is children. "

　　Xue Tao pointed out that the ideal children’s reading place should create an independent reading environment on the one hand, and create an interactive area on the other hand, and invite writers to meet and have a dialogue with children’s readers.

　　"Children’s reading places should carry out more promotion activities to make books ‘ Speak ’ , let the environment ‘ Hello ’ To attract children to study. " In addition, Xue Tao believes that children’s reading places should avoid blindly "narrowing", "specialization" and "childishness", "be generous, don’t deliberately divide them, and insist that this is yours and that is mine. This is a shared space and shared books".

　　"Many people think that it is enough to send their children to libraries and bookstores once a week, which is not normal reading." Lin Dan thinks that by creating an environment of "choosing the right books" and "using the right books", children should fall in love with reading, learn good rules and read correctly when they get home.

　　The establishment of reading environment is inseparable from the improvement of public cultural system and the participation of non-governmental forces. Whether builders and families "accompany readers", adults should uphold and strengthen the "children’s view", "read together" with children in a parallel line of sight and respect children.

　　China Youth Daily Zhongqing Online Trainee Reporter Shen Jiequn

Original title: Xiangshan International 2024 Pu ‘er Simao Marathon will be held on March 17th.

Recently, the reporter learned from the press conference of Xiangshan International 2024 Pu ‘er Simao Marathon with the theme of "Re-taking the Ancient Tea-Horse Road" that Xiangshan International 2024 Pu ‘er Simao Marathon will be held in Simao District of Pu ‘er City from 7: 30 to 13: 45 on March 17th. At present, the organizing committee of the tournament is pushing forward the preparatory work in an orderly and intense manner.

This year’s event is the A1 brand event of China Athletics Association, with a scale of 10,000 people. There are three events: full marathon, half marathon and mini-run. The competition has specially set up an online competition to travel all over China. The registration and competition time of online competition is from March 6 to 17.

The conference announced the costumes and medals of this marathon, and introduced the overall preparation progress and highlights of the event. The medal is inspired by the traditional culture of Pu ‘er, which brings together two characteristics of Pu ‘er: tea coffee and the ancient tea-horse road. This year’s competition is based on strict competition organization, rich supporting activities, diverse awards and warm competition atmosphere, highlighting the theme to hold a characteristic competition, strengthening the guarantee to hold a safe competition, and the whole people participating in holding a civilized competition. The majority of runners will pass through the ancient city of Chama and Wuhu National Wetland Park and feel the "caravan spirit" that spans the Millennium.

Hello, everyone, today we share how I keep fit during the season. I hope you like it!

front cover

In 2020, Joshua kimmich scored the winner in the match with Dortmund. In that match, he ran 13.73 kilometers. This is the sport of football and kicking. In this sport, most of the running is not jogging, sprinting, walking, jogging and then sprinting. Because of this, the best way to improve physical fitness is to carry out high-intensity training.

We can achieve this goal by sprinting or intermittent training, but the least boring way to improve physical fitness is to use the ball for high-intensity training, which is also the focus of today. Today we will share the training methods to keep in shape during the season. Let’s officially start:

warm up

Before we start training, make sure that we have fully warmed up, do some dynamic stretching and sprinting, so that all our fast muscles will be activated, thus reducing the risk of muscle strain. Take 10 minutes to relax, and then start formal training.

Figure 1- Warm up

This is the only part that does not include the ball, and it is one of the very good agility and quick training.

We can find a friend, or install an application on our mobile phone, which can flash colors and numbers for us for 10 times as a group. I

Figure 2- Fast Move on Command

When our cell phones flash or our friends shout out a color, we sprint to the sign plate and then go back to the middle. About 30 seconds, depending on the length of the interval. In short, do five groups and rest for 30 seconds between each group.

Figure 3- Gap Time

The rest of the training is divided into three small cycles. The first cycle is what we see now. Before Ronaldinho’s dribbling training and shooting, he makes a 30-yard sprint dribble.

Figure 4- Fast Dribble

This training is great, because it can train our dribbling speed, dribble in a narrow space, and persist in dribbling when we are tired.

Figure 5- Exercise dribbling speed

It’s a hard training, but it’s important for us to keep high shooting quality. Imagine that we will be very tired in the 80th minute of the game, so even if we are tired, we should be able to shoot correctly.

Figure 6- Correct Shooting

In this cycle exercise, we can jog or walk back to the starting point as a break between repeated exercises.

If we only have one or two balls, run after them, make sure we are jogging, then jog back to the starting point, and then give yourself an extra 30 seconds to rest.

Figure 7- Jogging or Walking

In addition, because it takes a long time to start each action, you should do it for 15 minutes before continuing this circular action, and it should be very fast.

Before entering the second cycle, give yourself three to five minutes to rest. We should make sure that each cycle has intensity, and even if we are tired, we should work 100%.

Figure 8- Guaranteed Strength

In the second cycle, we make 10 passes to the wall, then zigzag dribble to practice turning and dribbling, then rush out and beat the last sign plate with one of our actions.

Figure 9- Passing the ball to the wall

Put the sign plate 8 to 10 yards away, make sure we don’t go straight through it, rush out of the sign plate for at least a few steps, then cut back the sign plate and walk back to the starting point.

Figure 10- Switch back the sign plate

Once again, this is our break time, and a sign plate is set for passing the ball on the wall to ensure that we keep good habits when passing the ball and that we will not be lazy.

This cycle improves our ability to pass, touch the ball with the first foot, dribble and cut inside with the ball, and the ability of all 1V1 to beat the defender.

All this will make our leg muscles stronger, and at the same time enhance our heart and lung function. Do it for 10 minutes, and then rest for three to five minutes before continuing.

Figure 11- Cardiopulmonary Enhancement

Figure 11- Cardiopulmonary Enhancement

The hardest part was left to the end. Many people hated doing this exercise, but it was the simplest exercise, and it was timed in 10 minutes.

Start by running back and forth, run to the small restricted area and then run to the penalty spot at the back, then run to the top of the restricted area and come back.

Figure 12- Simple exercise

After the round-trip run, start bouncing the ball as soon as possible, don’t rest for a few seconds before starting, and then bounce the ball 30 times before starting the next round-trip run.

Figure 13- Start the ball.

The key point here is that if we screw up and drop the ball, then we need to start the next round trip immediately, which puts pressure on the ball-passing part to ensure that we concentrate on the ball-passing and strive to maintain the quality.

If we don’t have this kind of pressure, then we will drop a few times, then pick up the ball on foot, and then continue to bounce the ball and give ourselves a long rest. After 10 minutes, we have finished the hardest part, but we are not completely finished.

Figure 14- No End

Although this is not the main part of training, it is very important to do 5 to 10 minutes of cold-body exercise, which will make our muscles less tense and help us recover from the next training.

Figure 15- Let the muscles loose.

Don’t skip this link, do some static stretching or the same dynamic movement as before, but with less intensity.

Figure 16- Don’t try to hide from the tiger

Figure 16- Don’t try to hide from the tiger

That’s all for today. Please continue to pay attention to the road of football for more exciting football teaching!

　Author: Music Entertainment Law

On October 12th, 2020, under the leadership of lebron james, the Los Angeles Lakers won the championship again after ten years, which is undoubtedly the best gift for Lakers fans who lost Black Mamba Kobe Bryant in 2020. Before the Lakers won the championship, it was probably the best news for fans that CCTV replayed the NBA.

In 2019, due to inappropriate remarks made by general manager of NBA Rockets about Hong Kong, which seriously hurt the national feelings of fans in China and China, CCTV decided to stop broadcasting NBA-related events. Even Tencent Sports, which bought the exclusive rights of NBA events in the next five years with a huge sum of money, once stopped broadcasting NBA. Fortunately, CCTV did not completely ban the NBA. Tencent Sports "quietly" rebroadcast the NBA in October 2019. After all, 500 million investment cannot be wasted.

But for fans, Tencent Sports’ high membership fee makes them flinch, so the rebroadcasting of NBA on CCTV Sports Channel is undoubtedly not a "big welfare" for fans. At this time, Xiao Bian, who is an NBA enthusiast and a legal practitioner, is puzzled. Can live sports events be copyrighted as movies? CCTV rebroadcasts the NBA. Is Tencent’s 500 million investment wasted? If you have the same question, let’s find out with Xiaobian!

1. Does the live broadcast of NBA sports events constitute the object of copyright protection?

In recent years, whether it is Qiong Yao v. Zheng Yu or Jin Yong v. Jiangnan, the controversy behind it shows that copyright is getting more and more attention and protection. Universal copyright convention and Berne Convention both express the need to protect human intelligence and creative achievements. As a participating country of the Convention, China has also made protective provisions on copyright.

According to the relevant provisions of China’s Copyright Law, the copyright owner enjoys the copyright, and no individual or unit may infringe upon the copyright of others. Article 3 stipulates that the objects protected by China’s Copyright Law include (1) written works; (2) Oral works; (3) Works of music, drama, folk art, dance and acrobatics; (4) Works of art and architecture; (5) Photographic works; (6) cinematographic works and works created by methods similar to cinematography; (seven) engineering design drawings, product design drawings, maps, schematic drawings and other graphic works and model works; (8) Computer software, etc.

As a kind of live broadcast of sports events, the live broadcast of NBA sports events mainly focuses on shooting and broadcasting the live events of sports events. Can this kind of live broadcast of sports events constitute a film work or a work created by a method similar to filming, and then be protected by copyright?

According to the Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law, the works protected by the Copyright Law refer to the intellectual achievements that are original and can be reproduced in some tangible form in the fields of literature, art and science. Therefore, to analyze whether the live broadcast of NBA matches belongs to the object of copyright protection, it mainly depends on whether the live broadcast is original and whether it can be copied in some tangible form.

1.1 How to identify originality?

International copyright treaties, such as Berne Convention and Copyright Treaty of the World Intellectual Property Organization, have not specifically recognized originality. Because of different legal systems, different countries have different understandings of originality.

1.1.1 "forehead sweat standard" and "floor standard" in common law system.

The anglo-American legal system first made it clear in the Bleistein case in 1903 that the work needed to be completed by the author independently. In later practice, Britain and the United States took "whether to work or not" as one of the factors to identify originality in order to protect the author’s labor when creating works, which is also what we call "forehead sweat standard".

In the Anglo-American legal system at this time, the court decided whether the work was original or not mainly by considering whether the work was independently completed by the author and whether the corresponding labor was invested. At this time, originality did not pay too much attention to the "creativity" of the work.

Subsequently, in the Feist phone book case in 1991, the court began to emphasize the "creativity" of the work, that is, if the author simply put in labor, he could not determine that his work was original, but also needed a certain degree of creativity. However, Britain and the United States did not clearly define the "more or less" of creativity, but adopted the "floor standard", that is, creativity can be recognized as long as there is a small amount of creativity.

We can see from it that,British and American countries identify originality mainly on the basis of "independence"-independent labor completion and "creation"-creativity.

1.1.2 High standards of civil law countries

Different from the lower standard "floor standard" adopted by Britain and the United States, the countries of civil law system are more strict in determining originality. Taking Germany as an example, it believes that originality requires the production of works to be creative labor input, and the labor input at this time is not just a simple labor input when the forehead sweats, but requires certain creativity. In other words,The originality at this time requires that the work can reflect the author’s intelligence and thoughts and feelings, and the expression of these thoughts and feelings needs to reach the level of reflecting the author’s personality..

At the same time, creativity is not as low as the "floor standard" required by Britain and the United States, but requires a high degree of creativity. This is mainly because in civil law countries, works are regarded as the children of the author, and works are the extension of the author’s personality spirit and the embodiment of the author’s thoughts and feelings. It regards copyright as a personal right, so it adopts this high standard to protect the author’s rights.

1.1.3 China’s originality standard

There is no clear legal provision on originality in legislation in China, and domestic scholars have different opinions on it. Professor Cui Guobin believes that originality requires independent creation and the creative result has the lowest degree of creativity; Professor Li Mingde believes that the author has invested in intellectual labor and has the lowest degree of creativity when creating works; Professor Wang Qian believes that originality requires that "the work product should be independently completed by the author" and "the creation of the work product should have a certain degree of creativity" …

Analysis of the views of scholars, it is not difficult to find that their recognition of originality has one thing in common."the lowest degree of creativity"This shows that our country has not adopted the high standard of originality similar to that of civil law countries, but only requires the lowest degree of creativity, which is also reflected in judicial practice.

1.2 Is the live broadcast of NBA events original?

Combined with the above introduction to the identification of originality, is it original for the live broadcast of sports events? In this regard, everyone has different views. Some people think that the focus of live broadcast of sports events lies in sports events, which are interpreted by athletes, and the filmmakers only record and broadcast according to the needs of watching the games, which should only constitute video products. However, some people think that recording sports events also reflects the intelligence and thoughts of the recorder and has certain originality.

Speaking of this, we have to mention "the first case of China’s game broadcast", that is, the five-year-long "Sina v. Fenghuang. com infringement case". After the first trial, second trial and retrial, the Beijing Higher People’s Court recently made a retrial judgment, overturning the second trial judgment, and found that the involvement of Phoenix Net and its operator Beijing Tianying Kyushu Network Technology Company infringed the copyright of Sina Internet Information Service Co., Ltd.It is believed that the live broadcast of sports events is original and constitutes a film work, which can be protected by copyright.

This case can be described as full of twists and turns. In the first instance, the court held that "the selection and arrangement of the recording shots of the competition to form a new picture for viewing is a creative labor, and the creativity will produce different picture effects due to different choices and different productions, which further reflects its creativity." That is to say, in the judgment of the first instance, the court found that the picture formed by the recording of the competition constituted the requirement of the originality of the work in China’s copyright law and belonged to the works protected by the copyright law.

However, in the second trial, the court classified this kind of film production as documentary film production, and determined it according to the original identification standard of documentary film production, so it was considered that it was not a film production, but a video production.

Subsequently, Sina did not recognize the judgment and filed a retrial with the Beijing Higher People’s Court. The Beijing Higher People’s Court held that the lowest level of creativity was adopted in the determination of originality in China. In other words, China only discussed the "existence" of creativity, not the "quantity" of creativity. The recording process of sports events reflected the choice of shooting angle, lens switching, shooting scenes and objects, selection, editing, arrangement and shooting pictures. In the final judgment of the Beijing Higher People’s Court, the court found that the live broadcast of the event involved constituted "a work created in a way similar to making a film".

From the above cases, we can see that,The live broadcast of sports events is original because it embodies the photographer’s unique ideas in the filming process.In the process of live broadcast of NBA events, Tencent Sports will not only film itself, but also explain it outside the picture, which is original in both the filming idea and the presentation of the explanation. Therefore, according to the existing judicial practice, we can conclude that the live broadcast of NBA events is original.

1.3 Does the live broadcast of the event belong to a certain medium?

We know that the live broadcast of sports events needs to be filmed on a certain medium if it wants to constitute a film work. In the case of Sina v. Fenghuang. com, the court of second instance found that Sina’s live broadcast of the Super League did not fix the filming on a certain medium, which exceeded the definition of film works in Article 4 of the Regulations for the Implementation of Copyright Law.This article stipulates that cinematographic works and works created by methods similar to cinematography refer to works that are filmed on a certain medium and consist of a series of pictures with or without sound, and are projected by means of appropriate devices or disseminated by other means.However, the regulation does not regard fixation or stable fixation as the constitutive requirements for determining whether a work is a work, so "shooting on a certain medium" should be interpreted broadly and leniently, so it is also affirmed in the judicial judgment that the live broadcast of the game belongs to shooting on a certain medium.

To sum up, if the live broadcast of sports events can reflect the individual choice and arrangement of the filmmakers, rather than just mechanical recording, it will be original, and the broad media interpretation also shows that the live broadcast of sports events meets the requirements of "shooting on a certain medium". Therefore, if Tencent Sports Live NBA matches meet the above requirements, it can also be the object of copyright protection. In fact, as early as before this judicial decision, the live broadcast of sports events was difficult to be recognized as a film work, and the filmmakers were easily infringed by their peers. In the face of such infringement, how did they do it?

Second, the infringement that may be involved in the live broadcast of sports events

2.1 may constitute unfair competition

Among many litigation disputes involved in live broadcast of sports events, the most common one is unfair competition dispute, which is mainly due to the fact that in the previous judicial practice, the products formed by live broadcast of sports events are difficult to be recognized as works protected by copyright law. Therefore, under normal circumstances, many infringers will choose to file a lawsuit on the grounds that the infringer violated the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. For example, in the case of CCTV International v. "I love chatting", the court decided that I love chatting about the company’s behavior of "broadcasting" CCTV related channels on its "tv powder" client.Although it does not constitute a broadcast act as stipulated in Article 45 of the Copyright Law, it obviously violates the market principle of fair competition, undermines the market competition mechanism, violates the principle of good faith and recognized business ethics, and constitutes unfair competition.

2.2 may constitute a violation of the right to disseminate information on the Internet.

Through the previous judicial practice, we can see that it is difficult to identify the products produced by the live broadcast of such sports events as movies or works created by similar methods. During the filming of 2014 fifa world cup TV program, Stormwind broadcasted the live broadcast of the events produced by CCTV, which is similar to the case of Sina v. Phoenix. In the second instance, the court did not identify the live broadcast of the events produced by CCTV International as movies, because according to the relevant provisions of China’s copyright law, if it cannot be identified as movies, it should be regarded as video products. Therefore, the broadcast behavior of Stormwind Technology also constitutes an infringement on the information network communication right of CCTV International.

Of course, in the latest retrial judgment of "CCTV International v. Stormwind Technology" on October 9, 2020, we found that, like Sina v. Phoenix.com, the Beijing Higher People’s Court once again determined that CCTV International’s live sports events constitute film works, which also gave new guidance to courts at all levels in the future in judging similar cases, that is, live sports events can be recognized as film works if they meet the relevant recognition conditions. This is a breakthrough, and this kind of judgment also shows that the criteria for determining the originality of a work do not reflect the level, but only the presence or absence. Such progress is conducive to solving the problem of protection of sports programs. We know that the most important thing about this kind of sports events is timeliness, and viewers rarely watch them again after watching them. Therefore, if only the live sports events constitute video products, it will be difficult to stop unauthorized TV broadcasting and Internet broadcasting due to the "safe haven principle" involved in the right of network information dissemination, which is likely to bring irreparable losses to the producers of the programs. At the same time, it is considered that it is difficult to solve the demand of subsequent program trading and protection only by the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.

Third, is it worthwhile for Tencent to spend 500 million yuan to buy the exclusive broadcasting rights?

From the above analysis, we can see that the live broadcast of sports events can already constitute a film work in copyright. After Tencent bought the sole broadcast right, if other video broadcast platforms broadcast the live broadcast of the events recorded by Tencent, it will constitute an infringement of Tencent Sports, and Tencent Sports can file an infringement lawsuit for compensation.

At the same time, Tencent Sports can monopolize the domestic live broadcast of this event by virtue of its exclusive broadcasting rights, and Tencent Sports charges a high membership fee and its various reward functions will bring more profits to Tencent. Tencent’s signing the NBA this time and buying its exclusive broadcasting rights for the next five years can be said to be very cost-effective. Despite the influence of the suspension of NBA broadcast by CCTV last year, Tencent can still make huge profits as the only live broadcast platform in China.

In fact, there is still a "hidden knowledge point" here. Why did Tencent buy the sole broadcasting right and CCTV still broadcast it? This is mainly because the NBA gives some NBA games broadcasting rights or highlights to CCTV Sports Channel free of charge every year, and Tencent Sports buys online live broadcast rights, while CCTV is a live TV broadcast, which has no conflict of interest with Tencent Sports’ exclusive broadcast rights. Therefore, although Tencent bought exclusive broadcast rights, it is only online live broadcast rights, and CCTV can still broadcast them for free on sports channels.

After knowing this "hidden knowledge point", will you choose Tencent or CCTV in the future?

All the people know how to entertain and know more about the law.

Focus on cultural and entertainment legal services!

(This article was originally created by the Lele Entertainment Law and cannot be reproduced without permission. The picture comes from the internet. If there is any infringement, please contact to delete it. )

In the first month, "Lantern Festival" came, and the excitement of Zhoucun Ancient Mall lies in "thousands of lights are shining, seven flowers are blooming", in "a song is like the sea, and thousands of lights are like the night", and more importantly, in "300 wives dancing in sleeves, singing words in the sky for a moment" … enjoy the flower lights, listen to ditty, play and taste delicious food. At this moment, Zhoucun Ancient Mall

The 11th issue of "Children’s Great Health", the first nationwide variety of children’s lifestyle health assessment named by Jin Lingguan, will be broadcast on Zhejiang Satellite TV at 17:00 on Sunday, July 29th. Chen Yibing, the Olympic champion, and his wife, Dan Jingti, appeared, revealing that their mother had pinched their noses when they were young. The reason is that pinching their noses can make their noses stiff. Is it true or not that pinching your baby’s nose can stand the bridge of your nose? Liu Jia, Deputy Chief Physician of Acupuncture Department of Guang ‘anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, will give an on-the-spot explanation and lead everyone to learn the beautiful baby development plan.

Beautiful cute babies are loved by everyone. With the improvement of living standards, parents not only attach great importance to their children’s nutrition and health, but also break their hearts about their baby’s "face value". Many parents have also tried some tips circulating in life, such as pinching the nose can make it stiff, shaving the eyebrows can make the eyebrows thicker, and smoothing the baby’s ears to make it more rounded. Chen Yibing broke the news at the scene, and when he was a child, his mother pinched his nose. Chen Huan humorously teased, "So it’s very good now.". Chen Yibing’s wife, Dan Jingti, said: "I don’t think it’s much help, because my mother pinched it for me when I was a child, but it didn’t help." Chen Yibing and his wife were both pinched by their mothers when they were young, but the effect seemed to be different, so they didn’t pinch their daughters’ noses. Many guests present said that they were pinched by their parents when they were young, so they would pinch their babies’ noses.

However, is this "ancestral" tip of the nose useful? Dr. Liu Jia answered questions from many parents on the spot: "Pinching the nose will not have an essential impact on the child’s bone structure. On the contrary, because children’s nasal mucosa is delicate and rich in blood vessels, if they pinch their noses too hard, they will damage their nasal mucosa and blood vessels, so this practice is not recommended. " Dr. Liu Jia also explained the "danger triangle" of human face: the nose is full of rich blood vessels, which communicate with the skull. Once congestion and infection are caused in these places, these bacteria can easily reach our skull and cause some serious diseases. Therefore, Dr. Liu Jia suggested that parents should try not to pinch their children’s noses. In this program, Liu Jia, a doctor, and Liu Suiqian, a nutritionist, will introduce how to cultivate beautiful babies through nutritional supplements and medical tips. Pay attention to small details and achieve great health! Please pay attention to this Sunday at 17: 00, Zhejiang Satellite TV Golden Collar "Children’s Great Health"!

As many runners know, there are two kinds of running postures, namely, quick running and striding.

In fact, there is no difference between the two running methods. Runners can choose the running method that suits them according to their body shape and muscle strength.

This article will briefly analyze the characteristics and differences between the two for everyone.

First, the brisk running method

Trot refers to a running method that uses a smaller stride to speed up the pace frequency. This running method can not only reduce the up-and-down movement range of the body, ensure the stability of the running state, but also reduce the burden on the feet, which is suitable for practitioners who have no exercise habits.

There are several key points in brisk running:

Summary: The brisk running method can easily speed up or slow down the running pace by controlling the pace. When the exerciser wants to increase the speed, he will unconsciously increase the stride, which will increase the burden on his feet. Therefore, by speeding up the pace frequency, the running speed can be improved while minimizing the burden on his feet.

Second, the striding method

The striding method is different from the brisk running method. It is a kind of running method that can show vitality and be more ornamental by increasing the stride length to improve the speed.

It is reasonable to say that if we can speed up the pace frequency on the basis of increasing the stride, it will be the fastest running method, but the strode running method has a greater impact when landing, which requires runners to have corresponding muscle strength. Stride running is suitable for runners with good physical strength, strong muscle strength and long legs (higher height).

It is difficult for beginners to judge whether they have the muscle strength and physique needed for striding. Therefore, it is suggested to adopt brisk running first, and then gradually increase the stride to find the stride that suits them best.

The striding method has the following key points:

In short, determining the running method suitable for your body shape and muscle strength is helpful to achieve the goal of running the whole course or shorten the completion time.