BEIJING, Dec. 5 (Xinhua)-The American Inflation Reduction Act has stirred up waves in European politics, and Americans who are bent on the road of trade protectionism are arousing increasingly fierce protests from European allies.

　　American-style beggar-thy-neighbor has angered European lawmakers. Some people have called for suing the United States, while others have moved out the "nuclear option" measures to counter the United States. A trade war between Europe and the United States is imminent?

　　Europe is angry: beggar thy neighbor at the expense of others!

　　In August this year, when the Inflation Reduction Act signed by US President Biden came out, it immediately attracted opposition from many countries, because this package worth more than 400 billion US dollars provided generous tax relief for American companies investing in clean energy, and provided high subsidies for American electric vehicles, batteries and renewable energy projects.

　　America’s "European partners" are complaining. Obviously, these tax credits and subsidies will give American enterprises an unfair advantage and attract relevant industries from the European Union to move to the United States.

　　Many European countries believe that this is a "beggar-thy-neighbor" approach, with the aim of inducing investors to leave Europe. Many people have warned that this "protectionist" legislation may be "discriminatory" to European companies.

　　French President Macron once said angrily that the Inflation Reduction Act was "extremely offensive" to European enterprises. On the first day of his visit to the United States, he bluntly said that the result of the US implementation of this bill would be "harming others and benefiting themselves" and warned that the bill was at risk of "splitting the West".

　　In the face of Macron’s demands, Biden insisted that the United States did not need to apologize to Europe, but could make "fine-tuning", but did not specify specific measures.

　　Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, also issued a severe warning a few days ago that the tax relief provided by the Inflation Reduction Act for consumers who buy American products and manufacturers who produce these products in the United States may "lead to unfair competition, close the market and break the key supply chain".

　　Europe considers "nuclear option"? Is a trade war imminent?

　　Ursula von der Leyen said that the U.S. plan has worsened the transatlantic relations between the U.S. and Europe, which makes people worry about the possibility of a trade war between the EU and the United States, and the EU must respond.

　　In the EU’s proposal, "taking action by yourself" and "protesting against the United States" are two important paths.

　　Ursula von der Leyen believes that the competition between the United States and the European Union "must respect the level playing field" and the European Union should "rebalance the distorted competitive environment caused by the Inflation Reduction Act and other measures".

　　She suggested that Europe should "adjust its own rules for public investment". The EU should also increase its support for domestic industries, invest in renewable energy, and lobby the United States to solve "some of the most worrying problems" caused by the bill.

　　Among European parliamentarians, there are still some people who call for a "hard line" to protest against American policies.

　　Bernd Lange, chairman of the International Trade Committee of the European Parliament, said that it is a waste of time to urge the United States to amend the bill, and the EU "needs to promptly file a complaint with the WTO in the next few months".

　　Marcus Faber, the spokesman of the largest party group in the European Parliament and a German parliamentarian, even shouted that the protectionist policy of Biden’s government is particularly disappointing, and the bill passed by the United States may make the difficult economic situation in Europe "worse".

　　Faber said that if the United States doesn’t give in, the EU will have to put all tough coping tools on the table to show that it is ready to use defensive trade tools. He said, "This must be ‘ Nuclear option ’ No one wants to see such a situation in the current situation, but if the United States goes its own way on the road of trade protectionism, "this will be reasonable."

Cai Dingjian, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law (data map)

　　The Beijing News reported on December 4th. Yesterday, when the staff of New China Life Insurance Company was recruiting in Haidian Branch of Beijing Talent Market, they unexpectedly encountered the query of "employment discrimination". Professor Cai Dingjian of China University of Political Science and Law believes that the age limit for posts and the clause of "party member, transfer to military service, teachers and lawyers are preferred" are "employment discrimination".

　　However, Lu Nasha, a senior account manager of New China Life Insurance Company, believes that such regulations do not exclude other job seekers, and have nothing to do with "employment discrimination", but only with the company’s business.

　　"’priority’ involves the issue of fairness"

　　Yesterday, Professor Cai Dingjian from China University of Political Science and Law, Professor Zhang Qianfan and Professor Ye Jingyi from Peking University, and students from the Center for Constitutional Administration of China University of Political Science and Law "opposed employment discrimination" at the Haidian branch of the Beijing talent market.

　　On the recruitment notice of New China Life Insurance company, there is a requirement that "party member, military transfer, teachers, lawyers, marketing and management are preferred" when you are 25 to 45 years old. Professor Cai Dingjian insists that these requirements are "employment discrimination" clauses. "This is a question of fairness." Cai Dingjian said.

　　Lunasha explained that insurance salesman is a hard job, and not everyone can do it. It requires a hard-working spirit and a strong sense of responsibility. party member, demobilized cadres, teachers and lawyers have obvious advantages, so it is understandable that the company gives priority to it.

　　"State organs have played a bad role"

　　Although Cai Dingjian hopes that the state can impose mandatory regulations on employment discrimination, he also admits that there are obvious employment discrimination among public officials recruited by state organs. "For example, public officials require academic qualifications, age, gender and even appearance." Cai Dingjian believes that this kind of employment discrimination in the field of national civil servant recruitment "has played a very bad leading role".

　　"Household registration discrimination is the most painful" "

　　What saddens Cai Dingjian most is the current "household registration discrimination", which is the most serious aspect of employment discrimination, which is equivalent to racial discrimination in western countries.

　　Cai Dingjian is optimistic about the prospect of anti-employment discrimination. He and his students have launched 13 famous universities, including Peking University, Tsinghua and China University of Political Science and Law, and jointly launched "anti-employment discrimination" activities in ten cities across the country.

Editor: Zhang Renhe

　　CCTV News:Gao Fenglin, male, born in March 1962, Han nationality, party member of the Communist Party of China, is a special fusion welder and senior technician of Capital Aerospace Machinery Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.

　　Gao Fenglin has participated in a series of major aerospace projects, and the welded rocket engines account for nearly 40% of the total number of rocket engines. It has overcome the technical problems of Long March 5, and made outstanding contributions to the smooth implementation of national key projects such as Beidou navigation, Chang ‘e lunar exploration, manned space flight and the development of the new generation launch vehicle of Long March 5.

　　Honors won: second prize of national scientific and technological progress, national model worker, national May 1st Labor Medal, national moral model and most beautiful worker.

　　Gao Fenglin, male, born in 1962, Han nationality, party member of the Communist Party of China, is a special fusion welder and senior technician of Capital Aerospace Machinery Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. In his hands, the welding torch is a needle, and the arc light is a line. He pursues the welding light and welds a sky on the "golden thread" of the rocket engine. He is the special fusion welder of Capital Aerospace Machinery Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, the team leader of the rocket engine welding workshop, and the national senior technician — — Gao Fenglin.

　　It is said that Gao Fenglin is a "golden hand welding", not only because early people called the welder trained by argon gas, which is more expensive than gold, "golden hand"; It is also because the object he is welding is very expensive, and it is an engine known as the "heart" of the rocket; But also because he has reached a height that ordinary people can’t reach in the field of rocket engine welding. "Golden Hand and Sky Welding" is a portrayal of Gao Fenglin’s superb skills and repeated difficulties in welding technology, and it is also the embodiment of the elegant demeanor of high-skilled aerospace workers in the new era.

　　First, I am determined to serve the country and practice welding skills in the aerospace industry.

　　Gao Fenglin, who just stepped out of school, entered the argon arc welding group of the rocket engine welding workshop with abundant talents, and studied skills with the first generation of argon arc welders in China. In order to practice basic skills, he used to use chopsticks to gesture welding and wire feeding when eating, used to hold a jar full of water to practice stability when drinking water, held an iron block to practice endurance when resting, and even braved the high temperature to observe the flow law of molten iron. Gradually, Gao Fenglin’s accumulated energy generate came out.

　　In the 1990s, the welding of the large nozzle of a new type of high thrust hydrogen-oxygen engine designed for China’s main rocket Changsanjia series launch vehicles once became a bottleneck in development. The length of all welds is nearly 900 meters, and the pipe wall is thinner than a piece of paper. If the welding torch stays for 0.1 second, the pipe may burn through or leak. Once burn through and leak occur, not only the large nozzle will be scrapped, but also the development progress and launch date of the rocket will be affected. Through continuous exploration, Gao Fenglin and his colleagues overcame two major difficulties, namely burning through and welding leakage, with superb skills. However, the X-ray inspection of the first welded large nozzle shows that there are more than 200 cracks in the weld, and the large nozzle will be sentenced to death. Undaunted, Gao Fenglin made an analysis and investigation from the aspects of material performance and structural characteristics of large nozzle. In the end, at the high-level technical analysis meeting, he boldly said in the questioning voice of many technical experts that it was a fake crack! After the cutting test, it is shown that his judgment is correct under the microscope of 200 times. In this regard, the first large nozzle was successfully sent to the test bench, and the successful application of this new type of large thrust engine greatly improved the carrying capacity of our rocket.

　　With more and more urgent and difficult jobs, Gao Fenglin has shouldered more and more burdens. In the welding research of a certain type of ejector, he made bold improvements, which solved the unsolved problems in the past year and a half and ensured the delivery of products with an output value of nearly 100 million. The launch system of a national submarine-based key model is in trouble near the critical moment of launch. Under the direct instruction of the model chief engineer, Gao Fenglin studied and adopted special techniques, and eliminated the fault overnight, thus ensuring the launch of this product as scheduled.

　　Second, the courage to innovate, self-breakthrough achievement expert workers

　　Gao Fenglin dared to try in his work, persisted in innovation and breakthrough, and turned countless "impossible" into "possible". The qualified rate of a certain engine component is only 35%. It takes half a year for the model to produce a large number of qualified products. This product is processed by soldering, while Gao Fenglin’s major is fusion welding, which is a cross-disciplinary research. Gao Fenglin understood the mechanism from the theoretical level and grasped the key from the technical level. He ran to the library, browsed professional and technical websites, and tried his best to search for relevant information at home and abroad. Every day, Gao Fenglin led the team members to conduct experiments in an operation room of more than 20 square meters, and conducted hundreds of experiments in two months, clarifying the genetic mechanism of the two materials, and repeatedly improving them from the aspects of environment, temperature and operation control. The final processing technology made the qualified rate of the product reach 90%.

　　The continuous success did not make Gao Fenglin feel high. Instead, he felt the value of knowledge more and more, and thought that operators should arm their minds with wisdom to better guide the practical operation. After leaving school for 8 years, Gao Fenglin re-entered the campus, picked up his textbooks and began his hard spare-time study for 4 years. During the day, he shuttled to the work site, training ground and classroom, and at night, he studied with two thick stacks of books until 3 or 4 o’clock. Due to excessive tension and fatigue, his hair fell off in handfuls when he was less than 30 years old. Everything comes to him who waits. Gao Fenglin first achieved good results in practice and theory in the technical competition, and soon got a college diploma that he had been looking forward to for many years. After that, he completed his study from undergraduate to graduate.

　　Not only can you do it, but you can also write it to guide others to do it. Gao Fenglin has been asking herself this way. In the butt welding of engine nozzle, which is very difficult to operate, Gao Fenglin studied the characteristics of the product and applied what he learned flexibly, and put forward the "anti-deformation compensation method" to control the deformation. Later, this process won the second prize of national scientific and technological progress; He also edited the first model engine welding technical operation manual and other industry specifications, and was appointed to participate in the formulation of relevant aerospace standards for many times. Through the process of self-study, practice, summary and re-practice, Gao Fenglin has gradually become an authoritative welding expert in China and an expert worker who combines profound theory with exquisite skills in everyone’s eyes.

　　In 2006, the antimatter detector project involving 16 countries and regions in the world was in trouble because of the manufacturing problem of low temperature superconducting magnets. The proposals put forward by two groups of international and domestic technical experts failed to pass the review of the international alliance led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). At a loss, Professor Ding Zhaozhong, a Nobel Prize winner, inquired about Gao Fenglin and asked him to help. Gao Fenglin went to the site to conduct basic research and textual research. He pointed out: according to the traditional control method, the previous two schemes are impeccable, but there are great hidden dangers for this special structure. He stated his design scheme, which was finally recognized by NASA and the League of Nations. An expert commented on Gao Fenglin: "You have both profound theory and rich practical experience. You look at the problem from two dimensions. It seems that highly skilled talents are of great use!"

　　Third, be willing to give, and work hard to witness the ordinary greatness.

　　The particularity and risk of aerospace products determine that many problems must be solved under very difficult and dangerous conditions. Gao Fenglin is willing to devote himself to the front line of welding, working hard, facing up to difficulties at the most needed moment, and has made extraordinary achievements in his "ordinary" post.

　　In order to meet the launch of large-capacity and large-tonnage satellites, China has built the largest full-arrow vibration test tower in Asia, in which the welding of the vibration girder is the key, which belongs to the first-class weld, and the material used to make the vibration girder is very special and the welding is very difficult. In order to meet the welding requirements of vibrating girder, Gao Fenglin should operate continuously at high temperature. The surface temperature of the weldment reached several hundred degrees, and Gao Fenglin’s hands were baked dry, and a series of blisters were bulging. In order to finish the task on time and with good quality, he gritted his teeth and finally welded a qualified vibration beam. During the later manned spaceflight project, the vibrating girder was upgraded and tested. The results show that the welding quality of the girder is good, and the bearing capacity can be increased from 360 tons to 420 tons, which can continue to serve for the development of launch vehicles in China. The vibrating girder has stood the test of time, and Gao Fenglin’s hands are still scarred by severe burns.

　　During the development and production of Long March 5, the engine suddenly leaked from the inner wall during the launch pad test. Standing on the test bench facing the product, behind him is a mountain stream of tens of meters, and Gao Fenglin is fearless in times of crisis. Because of the special environment, the fault point can’t be observed, and the operating space is very narrow, Gao Fenglin managed to finish the "emergency rescue" by using superb skills and special techniques under the condition that he could barely fit into one arm.

　　Gao Fenglin has been rooted in the front line of aerospace and engaged in the welding of rocket engines. He has overcome more than 200 difficulties in major research projects of aerospace product engine models. He has also actively contributed his talents to fill technical gaps in titanium alloy bicycles, large vacuum furnaces, ultra-thin large bellows and other fields, creating value for the national economy. Foreign-funded enterprises have been hired with high salary and housing, and he is unmoved; Many times can be promoted, Gao Fenglin also gave up. He always believed that his roots were in the welding post.

　　Fourth, willing to educate people, preaching and teaching paved the way for peaches and plums.

　　It is not spring to outshine others. Apart from being a master of skills, Gao Fenglin also has a significant job, which is to continuously train more outstanding aerospace high-skilled talents like him.

　　In terms of technology inheritance, Gao Fenglin unreservedly passed on his accumulated rich experience to young people. He groped and summed up a set of methods for talent training and management. His advocacy of "mentoring by teachers" and "One Belt and One Belt" and his creation of "welding" education method have been widely recognized and applied in practice. It has cultivated five national technical experts and one central enterprise technical expert. He was invited by the Central Organization Department and Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China to have an exchange of "artisan spirit", participated in the "activities of artisans from big countries entering the campus" and "exhibition of innovative achievements of workers on both sides of the Taiwan Strait" of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and actively promoted the spirit of model workers, labor spirit and craftsman spirit.

　　In 2005, Gao Fenglin’s team was jointly named "Gao Fenglin Team" by China National Defense Posts and Telecommunications Union and Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, becoming the first team named after a model worker in the First Aerospace Institute. As a demonstration base for team building, Gao Fenglin team has fully played a typical demonstration and radiation-driven role in producing models, achievements, talents and experiences. Teams and teams have teamed up with more than 30 teams inside and outside the space system to carry out various exchanges and cooperation. Through technical cooperation, more than 20 major scientific research topics such as aerospace engine welding and development have been solved. Received many training courses for national excellent team leaders of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, as well as visits and exchanges from nearly 200 brother units such as China Commercial Aircraft, China Electric Power Branch and Shougang Group. Under the leadership of Gao Fenglin, the team has successively won many honorary titles such as "National Worker Pioneer", National Learning Excellent Team, National Safety Production Demonstration Team and Central State-owned Enterprise Learning Red Flag Team "Benchmark" with its impressive performance. In 2011, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security awarded Team Gao Fenglin as a national skill master studio. In 2017, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions awarded Gao Fenglin Team as a national model model worker and craftsman talent innovation studio.

Must know! Demystifying cosmetics without preservatives

Perhaps the formula of cosmetics is a bit crude and difficult to understand, but with the progress of the times and modern people’s attention to external beauty, skin care products exist all the time in life, so you need to know more. With the Lohas trend, many maintenance brands began to advocate not adding preservatives. Preservatives may be the cause of civilized diseases of modern people, or they may be the secret weapon for us to protect our skin. Is it good or not ~

Label: skin care, preservative and beauty

Stay away from preservative pollution from the foundation

[Source: Ruili Women’s Network] March 4, 2009 16: 25: 23 Editor: Tiramisu

Stay away from preservative pollution from the foundation

FANCLBrand-new basic skin care series has brand-new and unique ingredients, which make the skin instantly smooth and lasting. Introduction: If skin care products used every day contain irritating chemical ingredients such as preservatives, which accumulate bit by bit every day, even if the content is less, it can be little drops of water make an ocean, unconsciously polluting the skin and accelerating skin aging *. Aging is a necessary process in life, and no one can escape it, but it can be delayed and aged beautifully! Everything should start with the skin care products used every day, so as to keep the skin away from preservative pollution and injury and extend the period of beauty.

Label: No Moisturizing Revitalizing Skin Added

FANCL new realm of preservative-free skin care

[Source: Ruili Women’s Network] 2008-4-8 10:48:55 Editor: Tiramisu

FANCL new realm of preservative-free skin care

Since its inception, FANCL has been aiming at providing pure and fresh skin care products, and has developed a full range of skin care products that do not contain harmful additives such as preservatives, spices and mineral oil, so as to ensure that customers can enjoy all the products.one hundred percentFresh and pure skin care essence, so that consumers can use it with peace of mind and rest assured!

Label: skin care

Food with preservatives is healthy?

[Source: Sohu] 2006-10-13 10:23:04 Editor: Thorn Birds

Food with preservatives is healthy?

The main function of preservatives in food is to inhibit the reproduction of harmful bacteria and prevent bacteria and molds from producing toxins in food or causing diseases in large quantities. From this point of view, they are more successful than ever. Because the food processing industry in modern society is very developed and food poisoning is rare, people often ignore the "power" of harmful microorganisms.

Label: food

Cosmetic preservatives accelerate skin aging

[Source: People’s Daily Online] 2005-12-22 11:35:00 Editor: cecilychen

Cosmetic preservatives accelerate skin aging

Recently, Toshiichi Yoshikawa, a professor at the Department of Life Safety Medicine in kyoto prefectural university of medicine, Japan, published an article pointing out that many people are receiving sunshine.afterWrinkles and spots on the face are probably the result of preservatives in cosmetics. This research has been reprinted by many domestic media. For a time, the saying that preservatives will accelerate skin aging has made many consumers even more at a loss when facing many cosmetics.

Disclaimer: This article only represents the author’s personal views and has nothing to do with Phoenix. Its originality and the words and contents stated in this article have not been confirmed by this website, and this website does not make any guarantee or commitment to the authenticity, completeness and timeliness of this article and all or part of its contents and words. Readers are invited to make reference only, and please verify the relevant contents by yourself.

In just 50 years, the rapid development of judicial (legal) artificial intelligence is amazing, especially in recent years, artificial intelligence has a tendency to replace legal persons. In foreign countries, examples of the application of artificial intelligence in the judicial field can be traced back to the 1970s. Developed countries such as the United States have developed legal reasoning systems, legal simulation analysis systems and expert systems based on artificial intelligence technology for judicial practice.

China first applied artificial intelligence to judicature in the 1980s, and Zhu Huarong and Xiao Kaiquan presided over the establishment of a mathematical model of larceny sentencing. In 1993, Professor Zhao Tingguang developed a practical criminal law expert system, which has the functions of searching and consulting criminal law knowledge, reasoning and judging criminal cases and qualitative sentencing.

Today, with the full implementation of key projects such as smart courts and smart procuratorial work in China, the Supreme People’s Court launched the "Smart Court Navigation System" and "Intelligent Case Push System" in 2018, as well as the "Judge Rui" intelligent judgment system in Beijing, the "2006" intelligent auxiliary case handling system in Shanghai, the "Smart Trial 1.0" trial auxiliary system in Hebei and artificial intelligence products launched by other local courts for the trial of judges.

As we have seen, along the way, judicial artificial intelligence is constantly innovating and breaking through the cognitive limits of human beings. Indeed, the application prospect of artificial intelligence in the judicial field is very broad, and many scholars even boldly speculate that with the revolutionary development of artificial intelligence technology, legal persons will gradually be replaced. However, although this new thing has inspired us to think infinitely about the future, we should remain sober, keep some bottom lines while promoting its development, do not have blind expectations and conduct research without direction, and objectively evaluate and use it cautiously within the limits of legal principles and ethics. We will discuss this in detail below.

Application Status of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Field

(A) legal questions and answers, information processing data

Judicial artificial intelligence is becoming electronic and data-based in legal retrieval and information processing, and this trend will continue in full swing. Such as legal question and answer, pre-litigation consultation, electronic file generation, remote filing, etc. all belong to online information processing technology. During this period, the artificial intelligence used has no independent thinking process, and it is still operated by people in substance. Its core lies in the transformation from traditional offline case handling to online mode, which provides convenience for the parties and case handlers. Among them, the legal question answering robot seems to be closer to the artificial intelligence imagined in our minds. By searching the fixed questioning mode set in advance in the robot system to obtain the required information, it cannot generate additional answers according to different difficult questions, but it can still meet the needs of ordinary cases.

Another example is file OCR recognition, trial speech recognition, evidence recognition and so on, which are perceptual intelligence technologies, which are greatly improved compared with traditional scanning and recording technologies. Taking the trial speech recognition as an example, Linxi voice assistant in Iflytek has optimized the recognition of Chinese accent, and the speech recognition rate has reached over 90%. Compared with the court clerk’s manual input of written materials, the court trial speech recognition technology greatly improves the efficiency of court trial records. After comparative testing, the court trial time is shortened by 20% to 30% on average, the complicated court trial time is shortened by more than 50%, and the integrity of court trial records reaches 100%. In addition, the popularization of this technology can solve the biggest drawback of using audio and video recording technology to record the trial process, that is, the dialect problem in China, which avoids the difficulty of understanding caused by the difficulty of recording recognition in the later stage. Secondly, compared with the carrier of audio and video recording, the identified and transformed electronic book materials are more targeted, more convenient and faster to consult, and are playing the role of liberating clerks.

(2) Automation of document making and case pushing.

In document making and case pushing, judicial artificial intelligence plays a more intelligent role than basic information processing. For most simple cases, such as dangerous driving, small loan disputes, government information disclosure, etc., which can simplify reasoning and use elements and format judgment documents, the automatic judgment document generation system can automatically identify and extract key contents such as party information, litigation requests, case facts and so on through OCR, semantic analysis and other technologies, and generate simplified judgment documents with one click according to the corresponding template. It is even more obvious for the generation of other legal documents, and it can also correct errors automatically, thus greatly shortening the time of drafting documents, reducing the workload of judges and helping judges improve the quality and efficiency of handling cases.

For example, the "Smart Trial Support" system developed by Hebei Higher People’s Court includes such a document production function. It was launched in July 2016 and applied in 194 courts in Hebei. As of June 2017, a total of 110,000 cases were handled in less than one year, and 780,000 documents were generated. In this way, we can build our own case information base, search for similar cases by classifying and matching marks, and automatically screen cases with high similarity in the past when judges handle cases, so as to realize the push reminder of similar cases and provide reference for judges to try similar cases. In this way, the problems of "different judgments on similar cases" and "inconsistent application of laws" can be avoided as far as possible, which is conducive to unifying the local judicial judgment scale and preventing unfair judgment.

(C) case analysis, intelligent referee.

Artificial intelligence reduces the burden of handling trivial daily affairs. In this context, we not only hope that artificial intelligence will play a role in quantifiable and inefficient links, but also expect to further exert its intelligent advantages, thus improving judicial efficiency. Therefore, it has become an important topic to apply it to case analysis and adjudication. In the initial stage of case analysis, by setting the principle of diversion and adjusting the distinguishing elements of complexity and simplicity, the intelligent case-splitting system can handle all kinds of cases in a fine way. In the process of platform operation, the weight coefficients are integrated according to the characteristics of different cases, such as criminal, civil and administrative cases, so as to scientifically calculate the handling power required for each case, help the court to realize the diversion of complexity and simplicity of cases, rationally allocate judicial resources, and ease the pressure of "too many cases". In the in-depth analysis of the case and the auxiliary judgment, the "Judge Rui" system of Beijing court can automatically sort out the facts to be tried before the trial, generate the trial outline and push it to the trial system. The biggest highlight of Shanghai "206 System" is the guidance function of evidence standard and evidence rules, which realizes the intelligent examination of evidence materials and provides standardized guidance for case handlers. In addition, the "AI Judge" launched by Ali has established a complete set of trial knowledge maps for transaction disputes, which can quickly analyze the case and give the judge advice in a very short time.

In a word, the deep combination of justice and artificial intelligence has been discussed in the theoretical circle, and some aspects of the application of artificial intelligence products have been ahead of the theory, and the reform of the judicial system is also the general trend. But this does not mean that the current research and application are completely scientific and effective, and the application space and limit of judicial artificial intelligence need to be carefully scrutinized.

The application limit of artificial intelligence in the judicial field

(a) in breadth can not cover the whole process of judicial activities

At present, judicial artificial intelligence is concentrated in the process of repetitive and inefficient labor and simple reasoning based on the model, which can assist in dealing with transactional work. It is still very successful in areas where general technology is mature, such as online information processing (electronic information) and the application of voice recognition technology, which really provides great convenience for judicial activities. However, we find that both online information processing and speech recognition are widely used technologies in daily life, and the success of these applications depends on the universal application of mature artificial intelligence technologies. Taking speech recognition as an example, the speech input method that we usually use in smart phones is the most common embodiment of this technology, but it is more accurate and perfect in the trial. Although the scene is different, its essence is unchanged.

It can be seen that most of the artificial intelligence products that are successfully and widely used at present are transplanted into some judicial activities by slightly improving the general technology, while for other judicial links, such as the fact finding of difficult cases, the proof of evaluation evidence, legal interpretation, etc., it is impossible to meet their needs only by the maturity of general technology. It is necessary to "customize" specialized products through the infusion of informal logic and judicial experience, so that they can meet most judicial problems and thus run through the whole judicial activities. The key is whether this "customization" can be achieved? This not only means highly developed R&D level as the support, but also needs to deeply integrate artificial intelligence, legal knowledge, judicial experience and other factors, so that artificial intelligence has the logic and thinking of legal person, and its difficulty is much higher than the development of daily general technology. Therefore, if artificial intelligence technology is expected to cover the whole process of judicial activities, it is not difficult for us to conclude that this kind of "customization" is difficult or even impossible.

(B) in depth can not replace the judge’s value measurement.

As mentioned above, judicial artificial intelligence has been successfully applied in information retrieval, document making, intelligent identification, evidence guidance and so on. For some simple cases, it can also realize auxiliary reasoning and put forward sentencing suggestions. Its powerful data processing ability has greatly reduced the burden of judges engaged in daily trivial work. Although there are related studies that show that the prediction accuracy obtained by applying artificial intelligence to predict the referee results is much higher than that of human beings, can artificial intelligence replace judges, as some people pursue?

Artificial intelligence is a technology about data, which depends on human beings to design and program it. It can only absorb and process the existing knowledge and information input by human beings in a patterned way. Although its mastery of existing knowledge far exceeds that of human beings, its fatal defect lies in its inability to adapt to the ever-changing changes in human society. As an immediate reflection of the real society, the application of law is normal to integrate the general concept of social justice into the value measurement of judicial decisions, which is a very complicated process, and it is difficult for machines to learn "value judgment with human touch". Judicial judgment is about the art of experience. American Justice Holmes said that the life of law lies in experience rather than logic. He asked judges to give each case a unique judgment value according to the constant changes of social life and not to be bound by the inherent legal logic. This requires an interactive cognitive process between legal norms and life, and draws conclusions through complex value judgments. From this point of view, artificial intelligence judges can only judge cases according to the pre-set formal instructions, and follow the human control step by step. Without human participation and input, machine learning will not happen autonomously, let alone independent thinking, and it will not meet the contextual needs of judges in the process of value judgment. As Judge Holmes said, law is not pure logic and ultimate rationality, and experience, morality and warmth should also be considered in judicial adjudication. After all, people who only know the law may not be qualified as judges, let alone machines that only know the law.

Application prospect and outlet of judicial artificial intelligence

(A) judicial artificial intelligence: good steel used in the blade.

The biggest advantage of artificial intelligence is that it directly serves people. By intervening in all aspects of judicial activities, it plays an important role in information storage, data operation, simple reasoning, etc. With these auxiliary functions, case handlers can extricate themselves from repetitive and transactional work to the maximum extent, and can also find and correct some details in time, so that they can really invest their time and energy in analyzing difficult cases and realize the optimal allocation of judicial resources. Not only that, artificial intelligence intervention in the judicial process can also constrain the judge’s behavior in the process of handling cases, correct the judge’s subjective prejudice, expand the judge’s cognitive ability, and reduce the negative impact of subjective factors such as intuition on the judge’s value judgment.

In judicial practice, artificial intelligence as an auxiliary tool brings convenience, but it is also limited to serving judges and auxiliary judges. Therefore, the research and development of judicial artificial intelligence should focus on its auxiliary functions. Moreover, based on the current application of judicial artificial intelligence in the field of general technology, corresponding achievements have been made, so in the future, it should be more inclined to develop the technology in the field of judicial specialization according to the professional characteristics of judicial activities. For example, some foreign courts use artificial intelligence to predict the outcome of cases, and also apply artificial intelligence to examine the admissibility of expert testimony, providing guidance and reference for judges to judge cases. China can also develop corresponding products in combination with its own reality when researching and developing. In addition, we can further improve and popularize the functions of sentencing recommendation and early warning of trial deviation, which have been applied in some courts in China.

Technology is an important force for the progress of human society. As the main body of social development, human beings must use technology for our own use. As the saying goes, "a gentleman’s nature is not different, and goodness is better than falsehood." Only by knowing how to develop and use judicial artificial intelligence and being good at promoting its strengths and avoiding its weaknesses can the value of artificial intelligence be maximized. Only by using this piece of good steel in the cutting edge can we create more value for the judiciary and the people.

(B) artificial intelligence judges: out of sight and out of reach.

As early as the 1970s, some scholars have put forward the hypothesis that human judges can be replaced by machine judges to eliminate legal uncertainty. He Rong, vice president of the Supreme People’s Court, China, gave a clear answer: the robot judge is impossible to appear.

In fact, it is difficult for both ordinary people and experts who have been deeply involved in the field to distinguish the concepts of computers, artificial intelligence and robots in detail. However, as we all know, their operation is essentially a calculation process of "receiving information-processing information-outputting information", and each step needs an exact definition, and there is a "unique positive solution". However, the charm of judicial adjudication is that it often does not pursue black or white, and each specific case has its own unique side. Besides pursuing objectivity and legality, the implied worldly wisdom and ethics are complicated, which requires a judge with judicial wisdom and experience to conduct evaluation and discretion. Although the law is cold, the process of applying the law contains warmth. For example, in the case of Yu Huan, the plot of revenge for the mother by killing the "humiliated mother" is full of irrational emotions, which is not unrelated to the etiquette concept of "the enemy of the father, sharing the sky with the husband" since ancient times in China. These human feelings can only be understood and grasped by human judges who have experienced life, received education and felt edification, and are separated by artificial screens. In addition, artificial intelligence also faces the problem of "black box" algorithm. The process of judicial adjudication itself is a process of paying attention to debate and reasoning. In the trial, not only the angry words between the two sides will affect the judge’s factual judgment, but also an interactive look and a subtle expression will become the capture point of the judge. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a record of "listening to prison proceedings with five voices and seeking people’s feelings" in China.However, the decision-making process of the artificial intelligence judge will be the data processing and operation within the system, and the judgment is the result of a "black box operation", and we know nothing about the operation process. The closed decision-making of the "black box" directly violates the principle of judicial openness, and may also trigger algorithmic dictatorship and discrimination, which will inevitably lead to public doubts about the judgment result and lead to social chaos.

More importantly, China’s Constitution clearly stipulates that all the power of the state belongs to the people, the power of the judicial organs is endowed by the people, and the judicial power exercised by judges is essentially public power under the theory of people’s sovereignty. There is such a legal proverb in the ancient west: "A judge has only one boss, and that is the law." In this context of public authorization, the judge enjoys absolute authority in the trial, and no other subject can influence the judge’s final judgment. From this point of view, if artificial intelligence replaces judges, it will transfer the public power entrusted by the people to a machine, which is tantamount to giving up the public utilities of the people and leading to the rule of robots. We don’t know whether the robot can recognize the law as his boss, but it will inevitably dispel the significance of judicial judgment and undermine judicial public trust, which is unacceptable and tolerated by society.

To sum up, the vision of artificial intelligence judges replacing human judges is beautiful at first glance, but it has fallen into the omnipotence of artificial intelligence. Judicial judgment is a skill of understanding and an art of value measurement, which contains experience and wisdom that artificial intelligence can’t understand. It is a distant fantasy that artificial intelligence replaces judges. In the future, the development of judicial artificial intelligence can’t break through the bottom line. Uncontrolled use of artificial intelligence to transform the trial system will only bring irreparable trauma to the modern rule of law.

conclusion

Although the upsurge of artificial intelligence has swept through again and again, constantly breaking through imagination and impacting cognition, we should not blindly pursue it, especially in the judicial field, we should be cautious and rational. There is no doubt that some routine and repetitive work in the judicial process should be handled by artificial intelligence, giving play to its super integrated operation function and improving judicial efficiency; The core power in judicial activities, such as judicial power, must be independently exercised by judges, and artificial intelligence can only be in a subordinate position because of its own cognitive and thinking defects. In addition, if the judicial decision-making power is handed over to artificial intelligence, the algorithm black box and algorithm discrimination will inevitably impact judicial justice, and it will also dispel people’s sovereignty and modern rule of law system.

In the future, we should stick to the dominant position of judges and the auxiliary role of artificial intelligence, and the research and development of judicial artificial intelligence should continue to advance on the road of serving judges and assisting judges, instead of going astray to replace judges. The deep combination of artificial intelligence and judicature is the general trend. It is necessary to do a good job in the addition of judicial artificial intelligence according to the situation, so that "artificial" and "intelligence" can be in their proper places, take what they need, and unite strongly, so as to bring the greatest value to justice and society, and promote judicial efficiency and judicial justice together.

Source: People’s Rule of Law magazine

Author: Jia Zheyu Lv Zhaoshi Sun Xiaopu

Original title: "Application of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Field"

Read the original text

　　Scenery in Sai Van Lake, Macau by Xinhua News Agency.

　　Young people from all walks of life in Macau sang and waved their flags during the flag-raising activities to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China. Bright picture

　　Photo of Fulong, the new eight scenic spots in Macao, with a bright new look

　　On December 20, 1999, Macao returned to the embrace of the motherland and the Macao Special Administrative Region was formally established. In a blink of an eye, the great concept of "one country, two systems" has been implemented in Macao for 20 years.

　　Over the past 20 years, Macao, which has developed together with the motherland, has developed from a small town with economic downturn and chaotic public security to an internationally renowned city with prosperity and stability.

　　"Over the past 20 years since the reunification, Macao has made great achievements, and the key to its success is that the SAR strictly abides by the Constitution and the Basic Law. ‘ One country, two systems ’ 、‘ Macao people govern Macao ’ A high degree of autonomy has been effectively implemented in Macao. " This is a general summary of the 20-year return of Macao by Chief Executive Chui Sai On.

　　The practice in Macao for 20 years has fully proved that "one country, two systems" is completely feasible, feasible and popular.

　　1. The success of Macao benefits from maintaining the authority of the Basic Law.

　　Question and answer games, cultural performances, creative handwriting … … On December 7th, the Macau Tower Stone Square was crowded with people, and a unique garden party was held here. All recreational activities revolved around a theme — — Macao basic law.

　　This is the annual "Let’s Learn about the Basic Law and Create a Better Tomorrow for Macao" garden party, sponsored by the Macao Basic Law Promotion Association. In Macao, there are many similar non-governmental organizations, and activities to publicize and promote the Basic Law are arranged from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.

　　From the constitutional point of view, the Basic Law is a programmatic legal document for the central government to clarify the status of the Macao Special Administrative Region. It refines and standardizes the great concept of "one country, two systems" and the state’s major policies towards Macao in the form of law, providing a solid legal guarantee for Macao’s smooth transition, smooth return and prosperity.

　　Over the past 20 years since the reunification, the Macao SAR has always insisted on respecting and safeguarding the absolute authority of the Basic Law, acting in strict accordance with the Basic Law, insisting on regulating administrative, legislative and judicial actions with the Basic Law, and handling major issues such as political development and improvement of people’s livelihood with the provisions of the Basic Law.

　　The return to the motherland has opened a new era in Macao’s history. For Macao residents, the Basic Law is not just a lofty constitutional document, but a code of conduct closely related to daily life. Labor Relations Law, Science and Technology Outline Law, Personal Data Protection Law, Prevention and Curb of Money Laundering Crime, Consumer Protection Law and Minimum Wage for Employees … … Since the establishment of the SAR on December 20, 1999, the Legislative Council of the SAR has reviewed and passed a total of 290 bills in accordance with the Basic Law, covering a wide range of issues such as economy, people’s livelihood, finance and labor, benefiting the lives of every Macao resident.

　　"Practice has fully proved that the Basic Law is a solid legal guarantee for Macao’s economic development, improvement of people’s livelihood and social stability, and it is also a guarantee for safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests and maintaining Macao’s long-term prosperity and stability ‘ Dinghai Shenzhen ’ 。” Fu Ziying, director of the Liaison Office of the Central People’s Government in Macao, said.

　　Understanding and implementing the principle of "one country, two systems" comprehensively and accurately, and consciously regulating administrative, legislative and judicial actions with the Basic Law is a basic experience since the establishment of the Macao Special Administrative Region 20 years ago, and it is also a historical mission of people from all walks of life in Macao who have a glorious tradition of patriotism and love for Macao.

　　The profound patriotic feelings and extensive active participation of Macao compatriots are important social conditions and solid public opinion foundation for the effective implementation of the Macao Basic Law.

　　Before the reunification, the Macao Basic Law Association was formed by the members of the Basic Law Drafting Committee in Australia and the Basic Law Advisory Committee to carry out various basic law publicity activities, including constitutional publicity and education. After the reunification, the SAR Government made great efforts to promote the Basic Law, with the active participation of all sectors of society, and established Basic Law Promotion Association, Basic Law Research Institute, Basic Law Memorial Hall, symposiums, training courses, knowledge contests, etc., so that the Basic Law "flew into the homes of ordinary people".

　　The successful practice of the Macao Basic Law fully proves that only by forming a broad national identity in the whole society can the Basic Law be fully and accurately implemented.

　　2. The success of Macao benefits from adhering to the principle of "one country".

　　In the past 20 years, the great dramas in Macao have been climaxed and achieved great success because they have always adhered to "one country, two systems". "One country, two systems" is a complete concept, and the relationship between "one country" and "two systems" must be accurately grasped. "One country" is the root, and deep roots can flourish; "One country" is the foundation, and only when it is solid can it flourish.

　　The motherland is the strongest backing for Macao’s development. Since Macao’s return to China 20 years ago, the central government has always adhered to the policy of "one country, two systems", "Macao people ruling Macao" and a high degree of autonomy, and has not interfered in the affairs within the autonomy of the SAR government. We have always resolutely supported the Macao SAR Government to strictly follow the Basic Law, and resolutely supported Macao to concentrate on developing the economy and improving people’s livelihood.

　　Adhering to the principle of "one country", Macao has gained a steady stream of forward momentum:

　　— — In 2003, the Mainland and Macao signed a Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), and after the SARS epidemic, they opened a "personal tour" to Macao to help Macao’s economy get out of the trough and enter the fast lane.

　　— — In 2005, with the full support of the state, the "Historic District of Macao", which includes 8 squares and 22 buildings, was included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

　　— — In 2009, the State Council approved the implementation of the Master Development Plan of Hengqin, and proposed to build Hengqin into a demonstration area for exploring new modes of cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao under "one country, two systems". Hengqin began to play the role of the hinterland of Macao. In the same year, the University of Macau was approved to build in Hengqin, which was officially opened in 2014. In 2019, Lotus Port was approved to move to Hengqin.

　　— — In 2013, the "Belt and Road Initiative" proposed to promote Macao to play the role of an important node city of the Maritime Silk Road.

　　— — In 2015, the central government clearly defined the sea area of 85 square kilometers of the Macao Special Administrative Region to help Macao expand its new development space.

　　— — In 2018, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge was completed and opened to traffic. Macao, Zhuhai and Hong Kong were connected by land, and the transportation capacity of people and logistics was greatly improved.

　　— — In February 2019, the Outline of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Development Plan was issued, which introduced a number of policies and measures that directly benefited Macao’s economy and people’s livelihood, integrated into the overall situation of national development, and helped to build a world-class urban agglomeration in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. Macao was regarded as one of the four central cities in Greater Bay Area, making the small town stand at the forefront of Greater Bay Area’s development.

　　— — In November 2019, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Construction Leading Group meeting studied and introduced 15 policies and measures to benefit Macao, including further facilitating the integration of Macao residents into employment, schooling and residence in Greater Bay Area, strengthening the flow of people, logistics and funds in the region, and supporting the development of professional sectors in Greater Bay Area.

　　The development of Macao cannot be separated from the continuous support of the motherland. According to statistics, more than 90% of fresh water, about 60% of electricity, 80% of grain and almost all live poultry and vegetables that maintain the normal operation of Macao are continuously supplied by mainland provinces and cities all the year round. Moreover, with the strong support of the motherland, Macao overcame the SARS epidemic, the financial crisis, the salt tide, and the typhoon "Tiange" … …

　　Facts have proved that "one country, two systems" is Macao’s greatest advantage.

　　The success of Macao benefits from making good use of the "two systems".

　　Over the past 20 years since the reunification, Macao has adhered to the strategic orientation of "what the country needs and what Macao is good at" and made full use of the benefits of "two systems". Based on moderate economic diversification, Macao has made great efforts to build a world tourism and leisure center, a service platform for business cooperation between China and Portuguese-speaking countries, and an exchange and cooperation base with Chinese culture as the mainstream and multicultural coexistence, which has contributed irreplaceable "Macao power" to the realization of the goal of "two hundred years".

　　In order to make "Macao Power" have sustained vitality and greater influence, the central government has been vigorously supporting and helping Macao to expand its international "circle of friends". After the reunification, Macao still maintains its status as an independent customs territory and a free port. Macao’s membership in international organizations has increased from more than 50 to more than 100, and its participation in international conventions has increased from more than 150 to more than 600. The international agreements signed in the name of "Macao, China" are distributed in the fields of economy, trade, finance, judicial assistance and civil aviation. Macao has limited natural resources, and this special international status has inestimable all-round benefits for its social and economic development.

　　Over the past 20 years, Macao has given full play to the institutional superiority of "one country’s benefit and two systems’ convenience", transformed the institutional superiority into actual governance efficiency, and demonstrated the successful practice of "one country, two systems" with Macao characteristics to the world.

　　Macao has prospered and made great achievements. Macao’s gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 51.9 billion patacas at the beginning of the reunification to 444.7 billion patacas in 2018; The fiscal reserves and foreign exchange reserves of the SAR Government increased by 193 times and 6.2 times respectively compared with the beginning of the reunification. Macao residents are fully employed, and the SAR is fully committed to promoting the construction of people’s livelihood. Macao residents have gained a real sense of happiness and gain.

　　Macao has not only realized the return of jurisprudence, but also realized the return of people’s hearts. Macao society has reached such a consensus that "one country, two systems" is the greatest advantage of Macao, and the fine tradition of patriotism and love for Macao, which has always been rooted in the blood of Macao residents, has also condensed and sublimated into the core value of the whole Macao society, and has been passed down from generation to generation.

　　In Chinese traditional culture, a man’s twenty years old is called the year of weak crown, and he must be crowned to show his manhood. Today, as the Macao SAR celebrates its 20th birthday, it is facing an important historical node of prosperity and development. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and a new journey awaits the young SAR to continue sailing.

　　As an unprecedented pioneering undertaking, the road ahead of "one country, two systems" cannot be smooth, and there will always be risks and challenges of one kind or another. However, the 20-year practice in Macao fully shows that Macao has accumulated enough experience, strong confidence, cohesive strength and sufficient means to ensure the stable and far-reaching cause of "one country, two systems".

　　The Haojiang River surges and changes brilliantly. Facing the future, as a family with a common destiny, Macao compatriots will share the heavy responsibility of rejuvenation and great glory with the people of the whole country, and jointly write a colorful chapter of the Chinese dream to realize the goal of "two hundred years" and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　 (Reporter Luo Xu)

1905 movie network news The truth is precious, freedom is priceless, and in the name of home, both are thrown away. On April 23, directed by the director, screenwriter,,,,, and starring, released the "Light of Truth" poster and a beat-the-scene video. Secrets abound among the endless steps, and Guo Fucheng, the owner of the Hidden House, and visitor Duan Yihong exchanged freedom for redemption. Little did he know that his sister Zhang Zifeng had pushed the gears of truth, like a ray of light that made the secret nowhere to hide. A few days ago, the movie "Secret Visitor" has been fully pre-sold.

　

The game between freedom and imprisonment　

Guo Fucheng Duan Yihong Zhang Zifeng The Truth Burns the Hidden House

In the bed-the-scene video released, Guo Fucheng, who was filming the scene, kept practicing Mandarin lines, but complex lines such as "one fish has gone before", "window fish" and "very fishy" still caused the king to frequently flip over, which attracted laughter from the shooting scene.

In the "Light of Truth" poster, the head of the family, Mr. Wang (Guo Fucheng, played), stands on the steps, his chin slightly raised, confidently inspecting and controlling the family that has no freedom, and his eyes are full of strategies; the school bus driver, who is voluntarily imprisoned in the basement, is trapped at the bottom of the steps. He looks up at the end of the stairs with a painful expression, trying to escape the guilt for the school bus accident caused by him at the price of giving up his freedom, but he seems to be suffering and longing for someone to save him.

They are the root of the family’s inevitable existence, one who uses "home" to bind each other to comfort himself, the other who uses "freedom" to exchange for peace of mind, and they ingratiate, entangle, and game with each other in opposition. Wang Chutong (played by Zhang Zifeng), the daughter of the Wang family who walks mysteriously between the two, is always testing the family’s fragile bottom line, hoping that one day she can open the family’s Pandora’s box to release the truth and completely escape from the strange and hopeless home. How many secrets this family still hides will only be officially revealed in the cinema on May 1.

　"Secret" is not the point　

Chen Zhengdao uses "visitor killing" to explore the secret deep wound

As a well-known suspense director in the Chinese film industry, Director Chen Zhengdao brought "Secret Visitor" to another five-year battle this time. He hopes to make the whole movie a special "visitor kill", where each audience takes the identity of a "visitor" watching from the sidelines. Not only do they experience the extremely suspenseful viewing atmosphere by entering the secret house to explore secrets, but they also hope that everyone can see the truth and scars behind the secrets. Director Chen Zhengdao admitted that although everyone in this family is hiding in secret, they are all using each other to hurt and create secrets to hide their sincerity.

The head of the family, Mr. Wang, couldn’t get everything he wanted since he was a child, so he transferred the pain of not being able to love him to everyone in the family. The secret visitor Yu Qiuqiao would rather please everyone in the family than stay away, because he was an orphan since he was a child, and although this family was strange, he felt the protection of a family he had never known. Wang Chutong, the daughter of the Wang family, lost her mother since she was a child, but she has never been loved by her father, so she was disheartened and chose to disintegrate the family, thinking that she would be free in this way, and tried her best to win her father’s attention and love.

Director Chen Zhengdao hopes that when the audience watches "Secret Visitor", in addition to entering the secret of this home with suspense, he also hopes that the scars in the depths of the secret of the home can give the audience more inspiration and thinking. Recently, the film has officially opened for pre-sale. On May 1, everyone is welcome to open the door of the secret house to find the truth behind the secret together.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, September 26th(International observation) How does the strong dollar lead to a "strong earthquake" in the market and the hegemony of the dollar ruin the world?

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Xu Chao

　　The US Federal Reserve recently decided to continue to raise interest rates by 75 basis points, pushing the exchange rate of the US dollar against other currencies to continue to rise, which triggered turmoil in the international financial market.

　　International observers believe that the continued strength of the US dollar, driven by the US monetary policy, is having a devastating impact on a global scale. With monetary policy and exchange rate as important tools, the United States constantly pushed up global inflation and debt levels with the help of dollar hegemony, squeezed the monetary policy space of various countries, and pushed the world economy into recession by driving the global tightening tide.

　　This is the Federal Reserve Building filmed in Washington, USA on June 22nd. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Jie)

　　Affect the exchange rate and push up inflation in other countries.

　　Since the Federal Reserve started the interest rate hike cycle in March this year, the exchange rate of the US dollar against other currencies has continued to rise, and it accelerated before and after the US interest rate hike node in September.

　　On September 22, the exchange rate of the Japanese yen against the US dollar once approached the 146-to-1 mark in intraday trading, hitting a new low in 24 years, prompting the Japanese Ministry of Finance to announce its intervention in the foreign exchange market to prevent further depreciation of the Japanese yen. This is the first time that the Japanese government has intervened in the foreign exchange market since June 1998. The yen has depreciated by about 25% against the US dollar this year.

　　On the same day, the exchange rate of the Korean won against the US dollar fell below the 1400-to-1 mark in intraday trading, setting a record low since March 31, 2009.

　　This is the Korean won and US dollar bill taken in Seoul, South Korea on September 22nd. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Yiliang)

　　According to the US Wall Street Journal, this year, the US dollar index of the Intercontinental Exchange, which measures the exchange rate between the United States and its major trading partners, has risen by 14%, which is the strongest year for the US dollar since the index was launched in 1985. The exchange rates of the euro, the yen and the pound against the US dollar have all fallen to decades lows, and emerging market currencies have also been hit hard.

　　Analysts believe that the exchange rate "scissors difference" brought by the strength of the US dollar is "harvesting" the world through inflation. No matter developing countries or other developed countries, once the local currency depreciates against the US dollar, the cost of importing commodities denominated in US dollars will inevitably rise, which will aggravate their own inflation. For the United States, it is cheaper to import goods from other countries, and the appreciation of the dollar has thus become one of the means to alleviate domestic inflation.

　　Take the euro zone as an example. In August, the inflation rate reached 9.1% at an annual rate, far exceeding the European Central Bank’s medium-term inflation target of 2%. In nine of the 19 member countries of the euro zone, the annual inflation rate has reached double digits. After the euro depreciated against the dollar, Europe imported raw materials and semi-finished products denominated in dollars from the United States at higher prices, bearing the inflationary pressure passed on by the United States.

　　The Wall Street Journal commented: "In terms of curbing inflation, a strong dollar has brought a favorable wind to the United States, but it has put pressure on the rest of the world."

　　Raising interest rates and deepening economic recession expectations

　　Under the pressure of increasing inflation and devaluation of local currencies, many countries have to follow the pace of the Federal Reserve and raise interest rates. In the words of Ethan Harris, chief economist of Bank of America, the world is caught in a "interest rate race".

　　Before and after the Fed’s interest rate hike, the central banks of Sweden, Switzerland, Britain and South Africa all raised interest rates sharply. Among them, the Swiss central bank’s interest rate hike marked the end of the 10-year negative interest rate era in Europe, and Japan became the only major economy that maintained the negative interest rate policy.

　　Last November, President christine lagarde of the European Central Bank claimed that interest rates in the euro zone were unlikely to increase in 2022. This month, the European Central Bank announced that it would raise interest rates for the second time this year, with a rate of 75 basis points, the largest rate hike since the introduction of the real euro currency in 2002.

　　This is the Euro sculpture and a fountain sculpture shot in Frankfurt, Germany on September 8th. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Shan Yiyi)

　　In Asia, the central banks of the Philippines and Indonesia announced a 50 basis point rate hike on the 22nd, and the central bank of Vietnam announced a 100 basis point rate hike on the 23rd.

　　Bloomberg statistics show that since the beginning of this year, the central banks of about 90 economies have raised interest rates, and half of them have raised interest rates by at least 75 basis points in a single time. This has also set a record for the most extensive tightening of global monetary policy in 15 years. Krishna Guha, head of central bank strategy of Everco International Strategy and Investment Group in the United States, believes that the United States is the decisive factor driving the global interest rate hike. "The Fed is setting the pace of interest rate hike and passing the pressure to other central banks through the foreign exchange market."

　　International observers believe that the Fed has made it clear that it will do whatever it takes to curb inflation and realize the economic interests of the United States. With other central banks passively following the pace of the Fed, the risk of world economic recession has also increased significantly.

　　Maurice Obst Feld, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, believes that most central banks are moving in the same direction, and may strengthen each other’s austerity policies, which aggravates the risk.

　　According to the research report released by the World Bank in mid-September, global central banks are raising interest rates at a synchronous rate that has not been seen in the past 50 years, and this trend may continue until next year, bringing the world economy into recession and bringing financial crisis to emerging markets and developing economies, causing lasting damage.

　　In the words of Kevin Walsh, a former governor of the Federal Reserve, "all the conditions for the world economic recession have been met."

　　Liquidity increases global debt risk.

　　Debt risk is another important manifestation of the global harm of dollar hegemony. The sharp turn of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy has led to a significant tightening of global liquidity, and the preference for lending has shifted from stimulating to restrictive, and capital has begun to flow back to the United States, while it is difficult for many emerging economies that are already heavily indebted to get out of debt.

　　Us treasury secretary yellen has previously admitted that the appreciation of the us dollar may bring challenges to emerging economies, especially those with a large amount of dollar-denominated debt.

　　On September 28, 2021, US Treasury Secretary Yellen attended the hearing of the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee in Washington. (Xinhua News Agency, Pool photo/photo by Kevin Dicky)

　　Guram Rajan, a professor of finance at the Booth School of Business at the University of Chicago, said that many countries have increased their debts in the past two years due to low interest rates and the COVID-19 epidemic, and now the risks are difficult to control.

　　After the Fed raised interest rates, the yield of US 10-year Treasury bonds, a key benchmark of global borrowing costs, soared to 3.69%, the highest level since 2011. According to the latest data from the International Finance Association, 83 billion US dollars of government debt in emerging economies will be due by the end of next year. After the strength of the US dollar, the US dollar debt undertaken by governments and enterprises in emerging economies will be more expensive.

　　Indmit Gill, chief economist of the World Bank, warned in an interview with the Financial Times that the debt risk of emerging economies is particularly prominent. Compared with before the international financial crisis, some low-income countries are more vulnerable and may fall into debt difficulties in the context of global austerity.